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"The Apollo 8 spacecraft was the first of the Apollo series to successfully orbit the moon, and the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth's gravity and reach the Moon. The crew photographed the lunar surface, both farside and nearside, obtaining information on topography and landmarks as well as other scientific information necessary for future Apollo landings. Additionally, six live television transmission sessions were done by the crew during the mission.
The Apollo 8 spacecraft consisted of a command module which would be used for transfer to the Lunar Module on later missions. The spacecraft was launched on December 21, 1968 and was placed in a 190.6 km x 183.2 km Earth parking orbit with a period of 88.2 minutes and an inclination of 32.51 degrees. The transearth injection burn took place on 25 December at 06:10:16 UT after a total of 10 lunar orbits. Apollo 8 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on 27 December 1968" (more...)
"The descent to the moon by the lunar lander from Columbia, the command module, encountered numerous difficulties. Communications were poor and a number of alarms signaled potential problems with the lander. An abort situation seemed imminent, but the astronauts took manual control of the lander and maneuvered it across an area strewn with large rocks to a safe landing position, touching down with only 20 seconds of fuel to spare.
As the lunar lander (Eagle) settled into the fine dust of the moon's surface, Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11, spoke man's first words from the moon: "Houston. Tranquillity Base here. The Eagle has landed". A Westinghouse television camera attached to leg of the lunar lander broadcast live images of man's first walk on the moon, 20 July 1969, as Commander Armstrong stepped from the lunar lander. The first words spoken by Commander Armstrong from the moon's surface were: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for Mankind"." (more)
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Stepping back to the moon by USAToday: Buzz Aldrin on the Moon - "One moonwalker has recently shared his visionary view of the role the Moon could play in the 21st century. Harrison Schmitt was the last human to step onto the Moon, doing so as an Apollo 17 astronaut in December 1972. His three days of on-the-spot lunar exploration has spurred years of thinking about the Moon, its uses, and humankind's destiny in space.
Schmitt has authored 'Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space.' "Whenever and however a return to the Moon occurs," Schmitt writes, "one thing is certain: that return will be historically comparable to the movement of our species out of Africa about 150,000 years ago. "Apollo bent our evolutionary path into the future," Schmitt feels. "We owe the future of humankind another walk on the Moon." (more...)
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NASA: Mission STS-123 Makes Space More International0, 4.02.08 - Backdropped by a blue and white Earth, Endeavour approaches the International Space Station during STS-123 rendezvous and docking operations. Photo credit: NASA/JSC
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- Astronaut Greg Chamitoff, Expedition 18 flight engineer, wears a communication system headset while looking through a window in the Kibo laboratory of the International Space Station.